> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://kawax.biz/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# HTTP Client

> Come inviare richieste a API esterne usando il client HTTP di Laravel. Autenticazione, timeout, retry e testing.

## Cos'è l'HTTP Client

Il client HTTP di Laravel è una comoda API che avvolge [Guzzle](https://docs.guzzlephp.org/en/stable/).
Con la facade `Http` scrivi in modo conciso richieste HTTP a servizi e API esterni.

```php theme={null}
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;

$response = Http::get('https://api.example.com/users');
```

<Info>
  Guzzle è già installato: puoi iniziare subito senza configurazioni.
</Info>

## Richieste di base

### GET

```php theme={null}
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;

$response = Http::get('https://api.example.com/users');
```

Parametri di query come array.

```php theme={null}
$response = Http::get('https://api.example.com/users', [
    'page' => 1,
    'per_page' => 20,
]);
```

### POST

I dati sono inviati di default come `application/json`.

```php theme={null}
$response = Http::post('https://api.example.com/users', [
    'name' => 'Mario Rossi',
    'email' => 'mario@example.com',
]);
```

### PUT / PATCH / DELETE

```php theme={null}
$response = Http::put('https://api.example.com/users/1', [
    'name' => 'Giulia Bianchi',
]);

$response = Http::patch('https://api.example.com/users/1', [
    'email' => 'giulia@example.com',
]);

$response = Http::delete('https://api.example.com/users/1');
```

## Gestione delle risposte

`Http::get()` e i metodi affini restituiscono un'istanza `Illuminate\Http\Client\Response` con molti metodi per ispezionare la risposta.

```php theme={null}
$response = Http::get('https://api.example.com/users/1');

$response->body();        // Body come stringa
$response->json();        // In array
$response->json('name');  // Chiave specifica
$response->object();      // stdClass
$response->collect();     // Collection

$response->status();
$response->successful();  // 2xx
$response->failed();      // 4xx+
$response->clientError(); // 4xx
$response->serverError(); // 5xx

$response->ok();           // 200
$response->created();      // 201
$response->noContent();    // 204
$response->notFound();     // 404
$response->unauthorized(); // 401
$response->forbidden();    // 403
$response->unprocessableEntity(); // 422
$response->tooManyRequests();     // 429
```

Puoi accedere alla risposta JSON anche come array.

```php theme={null}
$name = Http::get('https://api.example.com/users/1')['name'];
```

## Opzioni di richiesta

### Header

```php theme={null}
$response = Http::withHeaders([
    'X-Api-Version' => '2',
    'Accept-Language' => 'it',
])->get('https://api.example.com/users');
```

Per accettare `application/json` è comodo `acceptJson()`.

```php theme={null}
$response = Http::acceptJson()->get('https://api.example.com/users');
```

<Info>
  Per gli header CSRF (`X-CSRF-TOKEN` / `X-XSRF-TOKEN`) delle richieste AJAX dal browser verso Laravel, consulta [Protezione CSRF](/it/csrf).
</Info>

### Autenticazione

**Bearer token** (il più comune):

```php theme={null}
$response = Http::withToken($token)->get('https://api.example.com/me');
```

**Basic auth**:

```php theme={null}
$response = Http::withBasicAuth('user@example.com', 'password')
    ->get('https://api.example.com/private');
```

### Base URL

Se richiami spesso lo stesso host, usa `baseUrl()`.

```php theme={null}
$response = Http::baseUrl('https://api.example.com')
    ->withToken($token)
    ->get('/users/1');
```

### Form data

Per `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` usa `asForm()`.

```php theme={null}
$response = Http::asForm()->post('https://api.example.com/login', [
    'username' => 'mario',
    'password' => 'secret',
]);
```

### Timeout

```php theme={null}
// Timeout di risposta (default 30s)
$response = Http::timeout(10)->get('https://api.example.com/slow-endpoint');

// Timeout di connessione (default 10s)
$response = Http::connectTimeout(5)->get('https://api.example.com/endpoint');
```

<Warning>
  In caso di timeout viene sollevata `Illuminate\Http\Client\ConnectionException`.
  Imposta sempre timeout quando chiami API esterne.
</Warning>

### Retry

```php theme={null}
$response = Http::retry(3, 100)->post('https://api.example.com/orders', $data);
```

Retry condizionali:

```php theme={null}
use Illuminate\Http\Client\PendingRequest;
use Throwable;
use Illuminate\Http\Client\ConnectionException;

$response = Http::retry(3, 100, function (Throwable $exception, PendingRequest $request) {
    return $exception instanceof ConnectionException;
})->post('https://api.example.com/orders', $data);
```

## Gestione degli errori

### Verifica manuale

Di default il client HTTP non solleva eccezioni per 4xx/5xx. Verifica esplicitamente.

```php theme={null}
$response = Http::get('https://api.example.com/users/999');

if ($response->notFound()) {
    // 404
}

if ($response->failed()) {
    logger()->error('API request failed', ['status' => $response->status()]);
}
```

### Sollevare eccezioni

`throw()` solleva `Illuminate\Http\Client\RequestException` in caso di errore.

```php theme={null}
$response = Http::post('https://api.example.com/users', $data)->throw();

$response = Http::get('https://api.example.com/users/1');
$response->throwIf($response->status() === 422);

$response = Http::post('https://api.example.com/orders', $data);
$response->throwUnlessStatus(201);
```

`throw()` restituisce la Response per la concatenazione.

```php theme={null}
$user = Http::post('https://api.example.com/users', $data)
    ->throw()
    ->json();
```

Gestione dell'eccezione:

```php theme={null}
use Illuminate\Http\Client\RequestException;
use Illuminate\Http\Client\ConnectionException;

try {
    $response = Http::timeout(5)
        ->post('https://api.example.com/users', $data)
        ->throw();
} catch (ConnectionException $e) {
    logger()->error('Connection failed: ' . $e->getMessage());
} catch (RequestException $e) {
    logger()->error('API error', ['status' => $e->response->status()]);
}
```

## Richieste parallele

Per chiamare più API in parallelo usa `pool()`.

```php theme={null}
use Illuminate\Http\Client\Pool;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;

$responses = Http::pool(fn (Pool $pool) => [
    $pool->as('users')->get('https://api.example.com/users'),
    $pool->as('posts')->get('https://api.example.com/posts'),
    $pool->as('comments')->get('https://api.example.com/comments'),
]);

$users    = $responses['users']->json();
$posts    = $responses['posts']->json();
$comments = $responses['comments']->json();
```

<Tip>
  Molto più veloce rispetto all'esecuzione sequenziale. Utile in dashboard che chiamano più API.
</Tip>

## Test

### Mock con Http::fake()

Nei test usa `Http::fake()` per simulare le risposte senza chiamate reali.

```php theme={null}
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;

Http::fake();

$response = Http::get('https://api.example.com/users');
$response->successful(); // true
```

Mock per URL specifici:

```php theme={null}
Http::fake([
    'api.example.com/users/*' => Http::response(['id' => 1, 'name' => 'Mario Rossi'], 200),
    'api.example.com/posts/*' => Http::response(['error' => 'Not Found'], 404),
    '*' => Http::response('OK', 200),
]);
```

Sequenze di risposte:

```php theme={null}
Http::fake([
    'api.example.com/*' => Http::sequence()
        ->push(['id' => 1], 200)
        ->push(['id' => 2], 200)
        ->pushStatus(429),
]);
```

### Verifica delle richieste

Con `Http::assertSent()` verifichi il contenuto delle richieste.

```php theme={null}
use Illuminate\Http\Client\Request;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;

Http::fake();

Http::withToken('my-token')->post('https://api.example.com/users', [
    'name' => 'Mario Rossi',
]);

Http::assertSent(function (Request $request) {
    return $request->url() === 'https://api.example.com/users'
        && $request->hasHeader('Authorization', 'Bearer my-token')
        && $request['name'] === 'Mario Rossi';
});

Http::assertNotSent(function (Request $request) {
    return $request->url() === 'https://api.example.com/admin';
});

Http::assertSentCount(1);
```

<Tip>
  Chiama sempre `Http::fake()` all'inizio del test. Con `Http::preventStrayRequests()` fai in modo che le richieste non mockate lancino eccezioni.
</Tip>

### Prevenire richieste sfuggite

```php theme={null}
Http::preventStrayRequests();

Http::fake([
    'api.example.com/*' => Http::response(['ok' => true]),
]);

Http::get('https://other.example.com/endpoint'); // Lancia eccezione
```

## Esempio pratico: classe di servizio per chiamate API

<Steps>
  <Step title="Crea la classe di servizio">
    ```php theme={null}
    <?php

    namespace App\Services;

    use Illuminate\Http\Client\RequestException;
    use Illuminate\Http\Client\ConnectionException;
    use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;

    class GitHubService
    {
        private string $baseUrl = 'https://api.github.com';

        public function __construct(
            private readonly string $token,
        ) {}

        public function getUser(string $username): array
        {
            return Http::baseUrl($this->baseUrl)
                ->withToken($this->token)
                ->acceptJson()
                ->timeout(10)
                ->get("/users/{$username}")
                ->throw()
                ->json();
        }

        public function getRepositories(string $username, int $page = 1): array
        {
            return Http::baseUrl($this->baseUrl)
                ->withToken($this->token)
                ->acceptJson()
                ->timeout(10)
                ->retry(2, 500)
                ->get("/users/{$username}/repos", [
                    'page' => $page,
                    'per_page' => 30,
                    'sort' => 'updated',
                ])
                ->throw()
                ->json();
        }
    }
    ```
  </Step>

  <Step title="Registralo nel service provider">
    ```php theme={null}
    use App\Services\GitHubService;

    public function register(): void
    {
        $this->app->singleton(GitHubService::class, function () {
            return new GitHubService(
                token: config('services.github.token'),
            );
        });
    }
    ```

    ```php theme={null}
    // config/services.php
    'github' => [
        'token' => env('GITHUB_TOKEN'),
    ],
    ```
  </Step>

  <Step title="Usalo nel controller">
    ```php theme={null}
    <?php

    namespace App\Http\Controllers;

    use App\Services\GitHubService;
    use Illuminate\Http\Client\RequestException;
    use Illuminate\Http\Client\ConnectionException;
    use Illuminate\Http\JsonResponse;

    class GitHubController extends Controller
    {
        public function __construct(
            private readonly GitHubService $github,
        ) {}

        public function show(string $username): JsonResponse
        {
            try {
                $user = $this->github->getUser($username);
                return response()->json($user);
            } catch (ConnectionException) {
                return response()->json(['error' => 'Impossibile connettersi alla GitHub API.'], 503);
            } catch (RequestException $e) {
                $status = $e->response->status();
                if ($status === 404) {
                    return response()->json(['error' => 'Utente non trovato.'], 404);
                }
                return response()->json(['error' => 'Errore della GitHub API.'], 502);
            }
        }
    }
    ```
  </Step>

  <Step title="Scrivi i test">
    ```php theme={null}
    <?php

    namespace Tests\Unit\Services;

    use App\Services\GitHubService;
    use Illuminate\Http\Client\ConnectionException;
    use Illuminate\Http\Client\RequestException;
    use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
    use Tests\TestCase;

    class GitHubServiceTest extends TestCase
    {
        private GitHubService $service;

        protected function setUp(): void
        {
            parent::setUp();

            Http::fake([
                'api.github.com/users/octocat' => Http::response([
                    'login' => 'octocat',
                    'name' => 'The Octocat',
                    'public_repos' => 8,
                ], 200),
                'api.github.com/users/notfound' => Http::response(
                    ['message' => 'Not Found'],
                    404
                ),
            ]);

            $this->service = new GitHubService(token: 'test-token');
        }

        public function test_ottiene_utente(): void
        {
            $user = $this->service->getUser('octocat');

            $this->assertEquals('octocat', $user['login']);
            $this->assertEquals('The Octocat', $user['name']);

            Http::assertSent(function ($request) {
                return $request->url() === 'https://api.github.com/users/octocat'
                    && $request->hasHeader('Authorization', 'Bearer test-token');
            });
        }

        public function test_utente_non_trovato_lancia_eccezione(): void
        {
            $this->expectException(RequestException::class);

            $this->service->getUser('notfound');
        }
    }
    ```
  </Step>
</Steps>

## Riepilogo

<AccordionGroup>
  <Accordion title="Metodi principali">
    | Metodo                     | Uso                 |
    | -------------------------- | ------------------- |
    | `Http::get($url, $query)`  | GET                 |
    | `Http::post($url, $data)`  | POST JSON           |
    | `Http::put($url, $data)`   | PUT                 |
    | `Http::patch($url, $data)` | PATCH               |
    | `Http::delete($url)`       | DELETE              |
    | `->withToken($token)`      | Bearer              |
    | `->withHeaders($headers)`  | Header              |
    | `->timeout($seconds)`      | Timeout             |
    | `->retry($times, $sleep)`  | Retry               |
    | `->throw()`                | Eccezione su errore |
    | `Http::fake()`             | Mock per test       |
    | `Http::pool($callback)`    | Parallelo           |
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Metodi di verifica della risposta">
    | Metodo                  | Descrizione |
    | ----------------------- | ----------- |
    | `successful()`          | 2xx         |
    | `failed()`              | 4xx+        |
    | `clientError()`         | 4xx         |
    | `serverError()`         | 5xx         |
    | `ok()`                  | 200         |
    | `created()`             | 201         |
    | `notFound()`            | 404         |
    | `unauthorized()`        | 401         |
    | `forbidden()`           | 403         |
    | `unprocessableEntity()` | 422         |
    | `tooManyRequests()`     | 429         |
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Best practice per API esterne">
    * Raccogli la logica HTTP in una service class
    * Imposta sempre timeout (`timeout()` e `connectTimeout()`)
    * Configura retry per errori transitori (`retry()`)
    * Nei test usa `Http::fake()` per evitare chiamate reali
    * Aggiungi `Http::preventStrayRequests()` nel setup dei test
    * Gestisci token e credenziali con variabili d'ambiente e `config/services.php`
  </Accordion>
</AccordionGroup>


## Related topics

- [BlueskyManager e HasShortHand](/it/packages/laravel-bluesky/bluesky-manager.md)
- [Laravel Telescope](/it/telescope.md)
- [Tecniche pratiche di Laravel Telescope](/it/blog/telescope-introduction.md)
- [Guida allo sviluppo di app con l'API del motore - VOICEVOX for Laravel](/it/packages/laravel-voicevox/app-guide.md)
- [Facade](/it/facades.md)