> ## Documentation Index > Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://kawax.biz/llms.txt > Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further. # Upgrade guide: Laravel 9 to 10 > Step-by-step instructions for upgrading from Laravel 9.x to Laravel 10.x, including all breaking changes and required dependency updates. ## Introduction Laravel 10 was released on February 14, 2023. This guide covers everything you need to upgrade a Laravel 9.x application to 10.x. Estimated upgrade time: **about 10 minutes**. The actual impact depends on the size of your application and which features you use. ### Automated upgrade with Laravel Shift You can automate much of the upgrade process using [Laravel Shift](https://laravelshift.com/). Shift automatically updates your dependencies and configuration files. *** ## Changes by impact level ### High impact * Updating dependencies * Updating `minimum-stability` ### Medium impact * Database expression changes * Removing the `$dates` property from models * Monolog 3 * Redis cache tags * Service mocking changes * Language directory ### Low impact * Closure validation rule messages * Form request `after` method * Public path binding * `QueryException` constructor * Rate limiter return value * Removing `Redirect::home` * Removing `Bus::dispatchNow` * `registerPolicies` method * ULID columns *** ## Upgrade steps ### Updating dependencies **High impact** Update the following entries in your `composer.json`: ```json theme={null} { "require": { "laravel/framework": "^10.0", "laravel/sanctum": "^3.2", "doctrine/dbal": "^3.0", "spatie/laravel-ignition": "^2.0" } } ``` If you use these optional packages, update them as well: ```json theme={null} { "require": { "laravel/passport": "^11.0", "laravel/ui": "^4.0" } } ``` If you're upgrading to PHPUnit 10, also update: ```json theme={null} { "require-dev": { "nunomaduro/collision": "^7.0", "phpunit/phpunit": "^10.0" } } ``` If you upgrade to PHPUnit 10, remove the `processUncoveredFiles` attribute from the `` section of your `phpunit.xml`. Then install the updated dependencies: ```shell theme={null} composer update ``` If you're upgrading from Sanctum 2.x to 3.x, also consult the [Sanctum 3.x upgrade guide](https://github.com/laravel/sanctum/blob/3.x/UPGRADE.md). *** ### Updating `minimum-stability` **High impact** Update `minimum-stability` in your `composer.json` to `stable`. Since `stable` is the default, you can also remove the setting entirely. ```json theme={null} "minimum-stability": "stable" ``` *** ## PHP version requirements **High impact** Laravel 10 requires **PHP 8.1.0 or higher** and **Composer 2.2.0 or higher**. *** ## Breaking changes ### Application #### Public path binding **Low impact** If you customized the public path by binding `path.public` in the container, switch to the `usePublicPath` method on `Illuminate\Foundation\Application`: ```php theme={null} app()->usePublicPath(__DIR__.'/public'); ``` *** ### Authorization #### `registerPolicies` method **Low impact** The `registerPolicies` method on `AuthServiceProvider` is now called automatically by the framework. You can remove the explicit call from your `boot` method. *** ### Cache #### Redis cache tags **Medium impact** `Cache::tags()` is now only recommended for applications that use Memcached as the cache driver. If you use Redis as your cache driver, consider migrating to Memcached. *** ### Database #### Database expression changes **Medium impact** Database expressions created with `DB::raw` have been rewritten. To retrieve the raw string value of an expression, use the `getValue(Grammar $grammar)` method. Casting to `(string)` is no longer supported. ```php theme={null} use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB; $expression = DB::raw('select 1'); // Before $string = (string) $expression; // After $string = $expression->getValue(DB::connection()->getQueryGrammar()); ``` This generally does not affect end-user applications, but update any code that casts a database expression to a string. #### `QueryException` constructor **Very low impact** The `Illuminate\Database\QueryException` constructor now accepts a string connection name as its first argument. Update any code that throws this exception manually. #### ULID columns **Low impact** When you call the `ulid` method in a migration without arguments, the column is now named `ulid`. In earlier releases, calling it without arguments incorrectly created a column named `uuid`. ```php theme={null} // Column is now named "ulid" $table->ulid(); // To set the name explicitly $table->ulid('ulid'); ``` *** ### Eloquent #### The model `$dates` property **Medium impact** The deprecated `$dates` property on Eloquent models has been removed. Use the `$casts` property instead. ```php theme={null} // Before protected $dates = ['deployed_at']; // After protected $casts = [ 'deployed_at' => 'datetime', ]; ``` *** ### Localization #### Language directory **No impact** Existing applications are not affected, but the skeleton for new Laravel applications no longer includes a `lang` directory by default. If you need it, publish it with the Artisan command: ```shell theme={null} php artisan lang:publish ``` *** ### Logging #### Monolog 3 **Medium impact** Laravel's Monolog dependency has been updated to Monolog 3.x. If your application uses Monolog directly, review the [Monolog upgrade guide](https://github.com/Seldaek/monolog/blob/main/UPGRADE.md). If you use a third-party logging service such as BugSnag or Rollbar, you may need to upgrade to a version that supports Monolog 3.x and Laravel 10.x. Full details on Monolog 3.x changes are available in the [Monolog 3.x upgrade guide](https://github.com/Seldaek/monolog/blob/3.x/UPGRADE.md). *** ### Queues #### Removing `Bus::dispatchNow` **Low impact** The deprecated `Bus::dispatchNow` and `dispatch_now` helpers have been removed. Use `Bus::dispatchSync` and `dispatch_sync` instead. ```php theme={null} // Before Bus::dispatchNow(new MyJob()); dispatch_now(new MyJob()); // After Bus::dispatchSync(new MyJob()); dispatch_sync(new MyJob()); ``` *** ### Routing #### Middleware aliases **Optional** In new Laravel applications, the `$routeMiddleware` property on `App\Http\Kernel` has been renamed to `$middlewareAliases`. Applying this change to existing applications is optional. #### Rate limiter return value **Low impact** When you call `RateLimiter::attempt`, the return value of the provided closure is now returned directly. If the closure returns nothing or `null`, the method returns `true`. ```php theme={null} $value = RateLimiter::attempt('key', 10, fn () => ['example'], 1); $value; // ['example'] ``` #### Removing `Redirect::home` **Very low impact** The deprecated `Redirect::home` method has been removed. Redirect to an explicit named route instead. ```php theme={null} // Before return Redirect::home(); // After return Redirect::route('home'); ``` *** ### Testing #### Service mocking **Medium impact** The deprecated `MocksApplicationServices` trait has been removed from the framework. This trait provided test methods such as `expectsEvents`, `expectsJobs`, and `expectsNotifications`. Migrate to `Event::fake`, `Bus::fake`, and `Notification::fake` respectively. ```php theme={null} // Before $this->expectsEvents(OrderShipped::class); // After Event::fake(); // ... test code ... Event::assertDispatched(OrderShipped::class); ``` *** ### Validation #### Closure validation rule messages **Very low impact** When a closure-based custom validation rule calls the `$fail` callback multiple times, messages are now appended to an array instead of overwriting each other. The `$fail` callback also now returns an object. Update any code that type-hints the return value of a validation closure. ```php theme={null} public function rules() { return [ 'name' => [ function ($attribute, $value, $fail) { $fail('validation.translation.key')->translate(); }, ], ]; } ``` #### Form request `after` method **Very low impact** The `after` method is now reserved by Laravel on form requests. If you have defined an `after` method on a form request, rename or update it to use the new "after validation" hook feature. *** ## Summary Laravel 10 is a relatively small release and the upgrade is quick to complete. | Change | Impact | Action required | | ----------------------------------- | -------- | ----------------------------------------- | | Update `composer.json` dependencies | High | Change to `laravel/framework ^10.0` | | PHP 8.1 / Composer 2.2 required | High | Check and update versions | | Database expression changes | Medium | Replace `(string)` cast with `getValue()` | | `$dates` property removed | Medium | Migrate to `$casts` | | Monolog 3 | Medium | Review if you use Monolog directly | | Redis cache tags | Medium | Consider migrating to Memcached | | `MocksApplicationServices` removed | Medium | Migrate to `Event::fake` etc. | | `Bus::dispatchNow` removed | Low | Switch to `Bus::dispatchSync` | | ULID column naming | Low | Review `ulid()` calls in migrations | | `Redirect::home` removed | Very low | Switch to `Redirect::route('home')` | *** ## References * [Official upgrade guide](https://laravel.com/docs/10.x/upgrade) * [laravel/laravel diff (9.x → 10.x)](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/compare/9.x...10.x) * [Laravel Shift](https://laravelshift.com) — automated upgrade service * [Sanctum upgrade guide (2.x → 3.x)](https://github.com/laravel/sanctum/blob/3.x/UPGRADE.md) * [Monolog 3.x upgrade guide](https://github.com/Seldaek/monolog/blob/3.x/UPGRADE.md) ## Related topics - [Upgrade guide: Laravel 10 to 11](/en/blog/upgrade-10-to-11.md) - [Upgrade guide: Laravel 12 to 13](/en/blog/upgrade-12-to-13.md) - [Upgrade guide: Laravel 11 to 12](/en/blog/upgrade-11-to-12.md) - [Migration Guide: Old Structure to Slim Application Skeleton](/en/advanced/app-structure-migration.md) - [Upgrading From Laravel 8 to 9](/en/blog/upgrade-8-to-9.md)